موضوعات
آموزش و پرورش
ادبیات و زبان
پزشکی، دندانپزشکی و داروسازی
تاریخ و جغرافیا
داستان و رمان
دیگر
دین و فلسفه
روانشناسی
ریاضیات و آمار
سلامتی، تناسب اندام و رژیم غذایی
شیمی و پلیمر
علوم اجتماعی و حقوق
علوم زیستی و بیوتکنولوژی
فیزیک و نجوم
کامپیوتر و اینترنت
کتابهای کودکان و داستان
کسب و کار و اقتصاد
کشاورزی و دامپزشکی و غذا
معماری
مهندسی و فناوری
هنر و تئاتر
محصولات
Destructive Coordination, Anfal and Islamic Political Capitalism A New Reading of Contemporary Iran - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: xi The term Anfal in the title of this book is not familiar for the general readership and its meaning cannot be easily understood by referring to English dictionaries. What is Anfal? If you launch an internet search on Anfal, you will encounter two main strands of literature. The first one relates to the Kurdish genocide by Saddam’s regime in the late eighties, and the second is about the eight Surah (chapter) of the Koran known as ‘Al-Anfal’. As Kurdistan regional government has aptly underlined, in Kurdish society, the word Anfal has come to represent the entire genocide over decades. Anfal was the term used by Saddam Hossein to describe a series of eight military campaigns conducted by the Iraqi government against rural Kurdish communities in Iraq, which lasted from February 23 to September 6, 1988.1 The campaign took its name from Surah al-Anfal in the Koran. Al-Anfal literally means the spoils of war (bounties) and was used to describe the military campaign of extermination and looting commanded by Ali Hassan al-Majid, the cousin of Saddam Hossein. As President of Iraq, Saddam Hossein frequently used religious language when describing the actions of his Ba’athist regime (see Johns, 2006), portraying Arabs as true defenders of Islam and Kurds as infidels.2
Living Better Together Social Relations and Economic Governance in the Work of Ostrom and Zelize - PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: olitical economy is a robust field of study that examines the economic and political institutions that shape our interactions with one another. Likewise, social economy focuses on the social interactions, networks, and communities that embody our daily lives. Together, these fields of study seek to understand the historical and contemporary world around us by examining market, political, and social institutions. Through these sectors of life, people come together to exchange goods and services, solve collective problems, and build communities to live better together. Scholarship in this tradition is alive and thriving today. By using the lens of political and social economy, books in this series will examine complex social problems, the institutions that attempt to solve these prob- lems, and the consequences of action within such institutions. Further, this approach lends itself to a variety of methods, including fieldwork, case studies, and experimental economics. Such analysis allows for deeper understanding of social phenomena, detailing the context, incentives, and interactions that shape our lives. This series provides a much-needed space for interdisciplinary research on contemporary topics on political and social economy. In much of academia today, scholars are encouraged to work independently and within the strict boundaries of their disciplines. However, the pursuit of understanding our society requires social scien- tists to collaborate across disciplines, using multiple methods. This series provides such an opportunity for scholars interested in breaking down the boundaries of disciplines in order to better understand the world around us
An Essay on China’s Development After the Demographic Golden Age - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Su Shi, a well-known ci poet of the Song Dynasty, wrote a seven-character quatrain: “It is a range viewed in face and peaks viewed from the side, assuming different shapes viewed from far and wide. Of Mountain Lu we cannot make out the true face, for we are lost in the heart of the very place”. The poem not only depicts the picturesque scenery of Mountain Lu and contains the dialectical idea that those closely involved in something cannot see it clearly, but also provides people with ways and means to observe things, giving the poem an enduring appeal. When we look at the past four million years of human evolution, the trajectory of humanity before they reach the pinnacles of achievements in economic, technological, cultural, and social dimensions today, we may find out there are three distinct eras. As is known to many, an economic era is not defined by what is produced, but by how and what kind of tools are used for production. As the production tools typical of an era vary, so does the capital an economy depends on for growth. We may roughly divide the economic development of humanity into three eras, characterized by hand tools and natural capital, by machine tools and production capital, and by intellectual tools and human capital, respectively. In the era of hand tools, agrarian and prior forms of society—which span from primitive, slave to feudal societies—relied mainly on natural capital. Natural capital provides natural means of living and production, and the multiplication of popula- tion is mainly reflected in the size of the workforce. Therefore, ancient and medieval civilizations appeared mostly in places with fertile land, abundant precipitation, mild climate, convenient land and water transportation, a dense population and large labor force. Cases in point are the five cradles of civilizations, namely, ancient Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates, ancient Egypt along the Nile Valley, ancient India along the Ganges River, ancient China along the Yellow River, and ancient Greece. The prosperity of the Seljuk Empire, the Russian Empire, and the French Empire in the Middle Ages could also be attributed to their superiority in natural capital and population
Environmental Regulations and Industrial Competitiveness Case Studies of Toxic Industries in Southern California - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: 1 Chapter 1 Environmental Regulations and Industrial Competitiveness Abstract Industries in the U.S. emit billions of pounds of toxic chemicals into the environment every year, resulting in a major risk to human health. Many economists and policy makers, however, are strongly opposed to environmental regulations based on an assumption that regulations lead to a loss of jobs and a declining stan- dard of living for U.S. citizens. The empirical literature on this question has pro- duced mixed results, and this chapter critically assesses several conceptual and methodological issues that are embedded in this literature. Our thesis is that strin- gent environmental regulations have the potential to effectively and efficiently reduce toxic emissions from polluting firms and industries while having a negligible impact on the economic competitiveness of firms and industries. We investigate this thesis through three empirical case studies of polluting industries in Southern California that are highly regulated by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD): metal finishing, wood furniture, and dry cleaning. We also attempt to reveal the institutional process by which firms comply with environmen- tal regulations. Keywords Environmental regulations · Economic competitiveness · Environmental pollution · Economic externalities · Market failure · Environmental compliance · Technological uncertainty · Innovation · Adoption Introduction Over the last half century, the US federal government has played an active role in regulating the emission of toxic chemicals from polluting firms and industries (Rosenbaum, 2019; Telsey, 2016). Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1970 “to protect and enhance the quality of the nation’s air resources so as to promote the public health and welfare and the productive capacity of the population” (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2007, p. 2). Congress also created the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in 1970 to implement and enforce the nation’s environmental law
Equity in Health and Health Promotion in Urban Areas Multidisciplinary Interventions at International and National Level - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: In the last twenty years, processes of metropolization have seen an uncontrollable increase, registering a rate of global urbanization that—according to the “World Urbanization Prospects 2018” of the United Nations—will reach almost 70% in 2050 [1]. These data, with a global vision, underline the dynamics of the growth of settlements and cities in quantitative, qualitative, historical and social evolution. In poor countries, this growth continues to take place following models of urban aggre- gation that has been unchanged over the years and inadequate to guarantee minimum conditions of health and sanitation. This situation continues to generate a proliferation of informal areas in conditions of extreme poverty and environmental vulnerability. According to a recent UN-Habitat report, which reports how more than a billion people are forced to live in informal settlements and estimates that this number will double by 2030, slums represent a phenomenon destined to define the near futur
Disaster Management and Information Technology Professional Response and Recovery Management in the Age of Disasters - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: There is no one single journey when it comes to technology. For those who did not grow up as “digital natives” each has taken their own path in accepting, developing technological skills and expanding them by integrating them into their everyday work environment. Indeed, the journey continues with no hard- set destination before us. We only know that technological development and use of technology continue to expand exponentially with each passing day. What follows is therefore just one American perspective on how the profession of emergency management has adopted technologies over the decades in which the profession has existed. All the while, working daily to plan for, train, and practice for future emergency and disaster response events that are sure to come.
Beginner's Guide to JUNGIAN PSYCHOLOGY - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: The Jung on the Hudson Book Series was instituted by The New York Center for Jungian Studies in 1997. This ongoing series is designed to present books that will be of interest to individuals of all field s, as well as mental health professionals, who are interested in exploring the relevance of the psychology and ideas of C. G. J ung to their personal lives and professional activitie
Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity - Epub + Converted PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: On a cloudy afternoon on October 19, 1927, as a chilly autumn wind swept down off the Blue Ridge Mountains, rattling the windows of the infirmary at the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-minded, Dr. John H. Bell jotted a few notes about an operation he had performed earlier that day. He was the superintendent of this sprawling institution, a campus of regimented brick dormitories and rolling farmland set amid the bluffs overlooking Lynchburg, and one of the country’s finest. The morning’s procedure was simple, and dozens of such operations had taken place here over the years. But for this patient he wrote with particular care, since it was a case that might draw a bit of attention. “Patient sterilized this morning under authority of Act of Assembly in 1926, providing for the sterilization of mental defectives, and as ordered by the Board of Directors of this institution,” he wrote. “She went to the operating room at 9:30 and returned to her bed at 10:30, recovered promptly from the anaesthesia with no untoward after effects anticipated. One inch was removed from each Fallopian tube, the tubes ligated and the ends cauterized by carbolic acid followed by alcohol, and the edges of the broad ligaments brought together with continuous suture. Abdominal wound was united with layer sutures and the approximation of the closure was good.
Darwin: Portrait of a Genius by Paul Johnson - Epub + Converted PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: All his life, Charles Darwin believed that inheritance was much more important in shaping a man or woman than education or environment. Nature rather than nurture was formative, in his view. Though he knew nothing of the science of genetics, and never used the word gene, which is first recorded in English in 1911, more than a quarter- century after his death, he is a classic case of genetic inheritance. Indeed, two of his grandparents and his father can reasonably be classified as geniuses. His paternal grandfather, Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) came from an old family of modest landowners. After Cambridge, he trained as a doctor in Edinburgh, and then practiced in Litchfield, Dr. Johnson’s town (they did not get on). He was successful and had many patients, easily earning £1,000 a year, a handsome income then. News of his skill reached the ears of George III, who invited him to come to London as the royal doctor. But Dr. Darwin declined. The Hanoverian royals were slow at paying their doctors. In any case, Darwin was happy as he was, combining a busy provincial practice with poetry and science. The symbol of this dualism was his coach, which he designed himself. It was fitted up with a writing desk, a skylight, and a portion of his library, so that he could carry on his intellectual pursuits while going on his daily round of professional calls.
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